Elisabetta II del Regno Unito
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Sua Maestà Britannica Elisabetta II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor) (Londra, 21 aprile 1926) è primogenita dei duchi di York (suo padre diventerà re Giorgio VI del Regno Unito), ed è la Regina del Regno Unito oltre che di Antigua e Barbuda, Australia, delle isole Bahamas, delle Barbados, del Belize, del Canada, di Grenada, della Giamaica, della Nuova Zelanda, di Papua Nuova Guinea, di Saint Kitts e Nevis, di Santa Lucia, di Saint Vincent e Grenadine, delle Isole Salomone, e di Tuvalu.
Elisabetta II è anche capo del Commonwealth e governatore supremo della Chiesa Anglicana, Comandante in capo delle forze armate e Signora dell'Isola di Man. È salita al trono d'Inghilterra il 6 febbraio 1952 dopo la morte del padre ed è attualmente la sovrana che regna da più tempo dopo il re Rama IX di Thailandia.
Circa 125 milioni di persone nel mondo sono sudditi della regina Elisabetta. Il suo regno ha visto 10 primi ministri e decisamente ben più numerosi primi ministri e governatori degli stati del Commonwealth. È sposata con il principe consorte Filippo, duca di Edinburgo (già principe di Grecia) ed ha quattro figli. Il maschio primogenito ha il titolo di Principe di Galles ed è S.A.R. Carlo.
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Gioventù
Elisabetta è nata al n°21 di Bruton Street a Mayfair(Londra). Suo padre era SAR principe Albert, Duca di York (poi Re Giorgio VI), figlio secondogenito del re Giorgio V del Regno Unito, e della Regina Mary. Sua madre era SAR la duchessa di York (nata Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon), figlia di Claude George Bowes-Lyon, 14° Conte di Strathmore and Kinghorne e della contessa di Strathmore. Le venne imposto il nome di sua madre, mentre i suoi due nomi successivi sono quelli rispettivamente della sua bisnonna paterna, la regina Alessandra di Danimarca e di sua nonna la Regina Mary.
Come bis-nipote del regnante britannico per la linea di discendenza maschile, ha ottenuto il titolo di principessa inglese Her Royal Highness,cioè "Sua Altezza Reale". Il suo nome per intero era SAR Principessa Elisabetta di York. Alla nascita era la terza nella linea di successione al trono, preceduta da suo padre e da suo zio, Edoardo VIII del Regno Unito.
Educazione
La giovane principessa Elisabetta venne educata a casa con la supervisione di sua madre, la duchessa di Kent. La sua governante fu Marion Crawford, chiamata affettuosamente "Crawfie". Studiò storia con C. H. K. Marten, Prevosto del collegio di Eton, e le vennero insegnate alcune lingue moderne, come il francese (che la regina parla fluentemente), usato soprattutto per le sue visite in Canada e recentemente durante la visita in Francia per il centenario dell'Entente Cordiale. La principessa venne avvicinata alla religione anglicana dall'arcivescovo di Canterbury. Anche ai giorni nostri la regina è una fervente credente della Chiesa d'Inghilterra (di cui è anche capo).
Erede al trono
Quando il padre divenne Re nel 1936 in seguito all'abdicazione dello zio [[Edoardo VIII del Regno Unito|Re Edoardo VIII], Elisabetta divenne erede al trono e fu quindi consociuta come Sua Altezza Reale la Principessa Elisabetta. Aveva tredici anni quando scoppiò la Seconda guerra mondiale. La principessa e la sorella più giovane Principessa Margaret furono evacuate al Castello di Windsor, Berkshire. Ci furono dei suggerimenti affinchè le principesse venissero mandate in Canada, ma la madre, la Regina, si rifiutò di prenderli in considerazione, dicendo, "Le bambine non potrebbero andarsene senza di me, i non me ne andrei senza il Re e il Re non se ne andrà in nessun caso". Nel 1940 la Principessa Elisabeth fece il suo primo annuncio radiofonico, indirizzandolo ad altri bambini che come lei erano stati evacuati.
Servizio Militare
Nel 1945 la principessa Elisabetta convinse il padre che avrebbe dovuto partecipare personalmente allo sforzo per la guerra. Si unì al Servizio Ausiliare Territoriale (Auxiliary Territorial Service) (o ATS) dove era conosciuta come N.230873 Secondo Subalterno Elisabetta Windsor, e venne formata come autista. Durante questo periodo di formazione fu per la prima volta a contatto con altri studenti. Si dice che lo abbia apprezzato molto e che questa esperienza l'abbia spinta a mandare i propri figli a scuola piuttosto che educarli a palazzo.È stata il primo (e fino al 2005 l'unico) membro femminile della famiglia reale che abbia effettivamente prestato servizio nell'esercito sebbene ad altre donne della famiglia siano stati dati gradi onorari.
Elisabetta compì la sua prima visita ufficiale oltremare nel 1947, allorchè accompagnò i genitori in Sud Africa. Al compimento del suo ventunesimo anno di età durante un discorso radiofonico indirizzato al Commonwealth Britannico e all'Impero Britannico, dichiarò che si sarebbe impegnata a dedicare la propria vita al servizio della gente del Commonwealth e dell'Impero.
Matrimonio e maternità
Elisabetta è sposata con il principe consorte Filippo di Edinburgo dal 20 Novembre 1947. Filippo è terzo cugino di Elisabetta II: entrambi sono pro-pro-nipoti della regina Vittoria e diretti discendenti di Cristiano IX di Danimarca. Il principe Filippo inoltre è pronipote di re Giorgio I di Grecia: prima del matrimonio Filippo dovette rinunciare alla pretendenza al trono di Grecia, ricevendo il semplice titolo di "Sergente" Filippo di Mountbatten. Poco prima del matrimonio venne creato Duca di Edinburgo. Questo matrimonio, benché non combinato, era perfettamente adeguato per un'erede femmina al trono, poiché Filippo era stato educato per i doveri del regnante.
Dopo le nozze i coniugi abitarono a Clarence House, in Londra. Il 14 novembre 1948 vide la luce il loro primo figlio, S.A.R. il principe Carlo di Edinburgo. Diverse settimane prima erano state emesse delle lettere patenti perché i figli della coppia potessero godere di diritti principeschi e reali, ai quali altrimenti non avrebbero avuto diritto. ... Several weeks earlier letters patent had been issued so that her children would enjoy a royal and prince status they would not otherwise have been entitled to. In caso contrario sarebbero stati considerati solo come figli di un duca. Elisabetta e Filippo ebbero quattro figli in tutto (v. sotto). Benché la casata reale si chiami Windsor, venne decretato a mezzo di un Order-in-Council del 1960 che i discendenti della Regina Elisabetta II e del Principe Filippo potessero portare il cognome personale di Mountbatten-Windsor.
Figli e nipoti
- S.A.R. Carlo, Principe di Galles (Carlo Filippo Arturo Giorgio) (nato il 14 Novembre 1948), sposato in prime nozze (29 Luglio, 1981) e divorziato (28 Agosto, 1996) con Lady Diana Spencer (1961 - 1997), Principessa di Galles. Sposato in seconde nozze (9 Aprile, 2005) con Camilla Rosemary Shand (conosciuta come Camilla Parker Bowles, nata nel 1947), ora Duchessa di Cornovaglia
- S.A.R. Principe William Arturo Filippo Luigi (21 Giugno 1982)
- S.A.R. Principe Henry Carlo Alberto Davide (15 Settembre 1984) (conosciuto col vezzeggiativo "Harry")
- S.A.R. Principessa Reale Anna (Anna Elisabetta Alice Luisa)(nata il 15 Agosto 1950), sposata (14 Novembre 1973) e divorziata (28 Aprile 1992) con il capitano della RAF Mark Anthony Peter Phillips (1948)
- Peter Mark Andrew Phillips (15 Novembre 1977)
- Zara Phillips (15 Maggio 1981)
- S.A.R. Principe Andrea Duca di York (Andrea Alberto Christian Edoardo) (nato il 19 Febbraio 1960), sposato (23 Luglio 1986) e divorziato (30 Maggio, 1996) con Sarah Margaret Ferguson (1959), Duchessa di York
- S.A.R. Principe Edoardo Conte di Wessex (Edoardo Antonio Riccardo Luigi) (nato il 10 Marzo 1964), sposato il (19 Giugno 1999 con Sophie Rhys-Jones (1965)
- S.A.R. Lady Luisa Windsor (8 Novembre 2003)
Successione
La salute di re Giorgio declinò vistosamente nel 1951 ed Elisabetta lo rappresentò in numerosi eventi pubblici e visite ufficiali: si recò infatti in Grecia, Italia e Malta. In ottobre dello stesso anno visitò il Canada e si recò a Washington, DC dal presidente Truman. Nel gennaio 1952 Elisabetta e Filippo partirono per una lunga visita in Australia e Nuova Zelanda. E fu proprio durante una visita ufficiale (in Kenia) che venne avvisata della morte del padre, il 6 febbraio. Fu la prima monarca britannica dall'Atto di Unione del 1801 a trovartsi fuori dal Regno Unito al momento della successione al trono. L'albergo dove alloggiava la coppia reale, il "Treetops hotel" divenne un'attrazione turistica negli anni successivi. Sua Maestà Elisabetta II venne incoronata con una fastosa cerimonia a Westminster Abbey il 2 giugno 1953.
Vita da regina
Dopo l'Inocoronazione, Elisabetta e Filippo si trasferirono a Buckingham Palace nel centro di Londra. Come molti dei suoi predecessori, tuttavia, si pensa che lei non ami risiedere nel palazzo e che consideri il Castello di Windsor, ad ovest di Londra, come la propria casa. Trascorre anche molto tempo al Castello di Balmoral in Scozia.
Queen Elizabeth is the most widely travelled head of state in history (in front of Papa Giovanni Paolo II). In 1953–54 lei e Filippo fecero un viaggio per il mondo durato 6 mesi , diventando il primo monarca regnante a circumnavigare il mondo, e anche la prima a visitare Australia, Nuova Zelanda and Fiji. Nell' Ottobre 1957 lei fece una state visita agli Stati Uniti , e nel 1959 fece un viaggio in Canada. In 1961 she toured India and Pakistan for the first time. She has made state visits to most European countries and to many outside Europe. She regularly attends Commonwealth Heads of Government meetings.
At the time of Elizabeth's accession there was much talk of a "new Elizabethan age". Elizabeth's role has been to preside over Britain as it has shared world economic and military power with a growing host of independent nations and principalities. As nations have developed economically and in literacy, Queen Elizabeth has happily witnessed over the past fifty years, a gradual transformation of the British Empire into its modern successor, the Commonwealth. She has worked hard to maintain links with former British possessions, and in some cases, such as South Africa, she has played an important role in retaining or restoring good relations.
Elizabeth is a conservative in matters of religion, moral standards and family matters. She has a strong sense of religious duty and takes seriously her Coronation Oath. This is one reason why it is considered highly unlikely that she will ever abdicate. Like her mother, she never forgave Edward VIII for, as she saw it, abandoning his duty, and forcing her father to become King, which she believed shortened his life by many years. She used the authority of her position to prevent her sister, Princess Margaret, from marrying a divorced man, Peter Townsend. For years she refused to acknowledge her son Prince Charles's relationship with Camilla Parker-Bowles.
Elizabeth's political views are supposed to be less clear-cut (she has never said or done anything in public to reveal what they might be). She preserves cordial relations with politicians of all parties. It is believed that her favourite Prime Ministers have been Winston Churchill, Harold Macmillan and Harold Wilson. Her least favourite was undoubtedly Margaret Thatcher, whom she has said to "cordially dislike". She was thought to have very good relations with her current Prime Minister, Tony Blair, during the first years of his term in office; however, there has been mounting evidence in recent months that her relationship with Blair has hardened. She reportedly feels that he does not keep her informed well enough on affairs of state.
The only public issue on which the Queen makes her views known are those affecting the unity of each of her Realms, including Canada and the United Kingdom. She has spoken in favour of the continued union of England and Scotland, angering some Scottish nationalists. Her statement of praise for the Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement raised some complaints among some Unionists in the Democratic Unionist Party who opposed the Agreement. Also, while not speaking directly against Quebec Sovereignty in Canada, she has publicly praised Canada's unity and expressed her wish to see the continuation of a unified Canada.
Despite a series of controversies about the rest of the royal family, particularly the marital difficulties of her children throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Queen Elizabeth remains a remarkably uncontroversial figure and is generally well-respected by the people of her Realms. However, her public persona remains formal, though more relaxed than it once was. Her refusal to display emotion in public prevents the growth of deeper feelings for her among the public.
Queen Elizabeth has never suffered from severe public disapproval. However, in 1997 she and other members of the Royal Family were perceived as cold and unfeeling when they were seen not to participate in the public outpouring of grief at the death of Diana, Princess of Wales. This brought sharp criticism from the normally royalist tabloid press.
It is widely believed that Elizabeth held negative feelings towards Diana and thought that she had done immense damage to the monarchy. However, the sight of the entire Royal Family bowing to Diana's coffin as it passed Buckingham Palace, together with a rare live television broadcast by the Queen, addressed the public grief. The Queen's change of attitude is believed to have resulted from strong advice from the Queen Mother and Tony Blair.
The Queen remains a highly respected head of state. In 2002 she celebrated her Golden Jubilee, marking the 50th year of her accession to the Throne. The year saw an extensive tour of the Commonwealth Realms, including numerous parades and official concerts. In June, thousands gathered outside Buckingham Palace for the "Party at the Palace", a massive concert featuring various famous musicians from across the British Isles. A national service of thanksgiving was held the following day at St Paul's Cathedral, to which the Queen and Prince Philip travelled in the centuries-old Gold State Coach. This was followed by massive carnivals and processions, finishing with a fly-past by Concorde and the Red Arrows. The Royal Family watched all this from the balcony of Buckingham Palace, before a crowd of one million people.
Sadly the Jubilee year coincided with the deaths, within a few months, of the Queen's mother and sister. Elizabeth's relations with her children, while still somewhat distant, have become much warmer since these deaths. She is particularly close to her daughter-in-law the Countess of Wessex. She is known to have disapproved of the Prince of Wales's long-standing relationship with Camilla Parker-Bowles, but with their recent marriage, has come to accept it. On the other hand, she is very close to her grandchildren, noticeably Prince William and Zara Phillips.
In 2003 the Queen, who is often described as robustly healthy, underwent three operations. She had two surgeries by the end of the year concerning both of her knees, and also having several lesions removed from her face. This had prompted some debate in the media about whether the evolving monarchy should have monarchs abdicating as in some other nations,and sparking rumours specifically of her abdicating.
As the Queen approaches her 80th birthday, she has made it clear that she has no intention of abdicating. Those who know her best have stated that she intends to reign as Queen until the day she dies. She has, however, begun to hand over some public duties to her children, as well as other members of the royal family. It was annouced in 2005, that she, along with Prince Philip, would be reducing the amount of international travel. However, it is clear that she intends to do as much as she can until she is physically unable.
Elizabeth's public image has noticeably softened in recent years, particularly since the death of the Queen Mother. Although she remains reserved in public, she has been seen laughing and smiling much more than in years past, and to the shock of many she has been seen to shed tears during emotional occasions such as the memorial service at St Paul's Cathedral for those killed in the 11 September terrorist attacks and in Normandy, France for the 60th anniversary of D-Day, where, for the first time, she addressed the Canadian troops.
Ruolo politico
In theory, the Queen is an essential part of the legislative process of her Realms. The Queen-in-Parliament (the Queen, acting with the advice and consent of Parliament), in each country, is an integral part of Parliament, along with the upper and lower houses. In practice, however, the Queen's role in the legislative process is entirely ceremonial. The Queen may legally grant or withhold Royal Assent to bills, but no monarch has refused his or her assent to a bill since 1708. The Queen, or her Governors-General in the realms outside of Britain, also gives a speech at the annual State Opening of Parliament, outlining the government's legislative agenda for the year, but the speech is written by ministers.
The Queen also has a ceremonial role in executive government. Governments are known as "Her Majesty's Government" and the Queen appoints the ministers who serve in it. In practice, again, the Government's composition is determined not by the Queen but by the Prime Minister, who "advises" the Queen. The Government is accountable in the first instance not to the Queen but to the lower house of Parliament. The Queen's role in the judiciary is again ceremonial: the courts act in her name and prosecutions are brought on her behalf.
The Queen may not be brought to trial in the courts in her capacity as head of state, nor can she be sued personally for any official act carried out by her or in her name (although the Crown may be sued as a legal entity). The Queen is, however, a natural person under common law, subject to the law like any other person. The question of whether the monarch could be tried for an offence committed in their personal capacity has never been tested. During the English Revolution of the 17th century, Parliament tried Charles I for treason, but after the Restoration of Charles II these proceedings were deemed to have been unlawful.
British Prime Ministers take their weekly meetings with the Queen very seriously. One Prime Minister said he took them more seriously than Prime Minister's Questions in the House of Commons, because she would be better briefed and more constructive than anything he would face at the dispatch box. Elizabeth also has regular meetings with her individual British ministers, and occasional meetings with ministers from her other Realms. Even ministers known to have republican views speak highly of her and value these meetings.
The Queen also meets the Scottish First Minister. The royal palace in Edinburgh, the Palace of Holyroodhouse, once home to Scottish kings and queens like Mary, Queen of Scots, is now regularly used again, with at least one member of the Royal Family (often the Prince of Wales or Princess Royal) in residence. She also receives reports from the new Welsh Assembly, and is continually kept abreast of goings on with her other governments.
Though bound by convention not to intervene directly in politics, her length of service, the fact that she has been a confidante of every prime minister since Winston Churchill in Britain, Louis St. Laurent in Canada, Alexander Bustamante in Jamaica, Sidney Holland in New Zealand, and many others, combined with her knowledge of world leaders, means that when she does express an opinion, however cautiously, her words are taken seriously. In her memoirs, Margaret Thatcher offered this description of her weekly meetings with the Queen:
- "Anyone who imagines that they are a mere formality or confined to social niceties is quite wrong; they are quietly businesslike and Her Majesty brings to bear a formidable grasp of current issues and breadth of experience."
During a row within the Commonwealth over sanctions on South Africa, the Queen made a pointed reference to her role as Head of the Commonwealth which was interpreted at the time as a disagreement with Mrs Thatcher's policy of opposing sanctions.
The Queen has been involved in some political controversies during her reign, in which her actions appear to have stated her political views. On 18 November, 1965, the Governor of Rhodesia (Sir Humphrey Vicary Gibbs) was made a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, an honour in the personal gift of the Queen, a week after Ian Smith had made his Unilateral Declaration of Independence. Gibbs was intensely loyal to Rhodesia and although he had refused to accept UDI, the award was criticised as badly timed at the very least.
In her speech to Parliament at the Silver Jubilee in 1977, the Queen stated "I cannot forget that I was crowned Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland". This reference came at a time when the Labour government was attempting to introduce a controversial devolution scheme to Scotland and Wales, and was interpreted as opposition to devolution. However, in the late 1990s after referenda approved a devolution scheme, the Queen sent her best wishes to the new Scottish Parliament.
The Queen has developed friendships with many foreign leaders, including Nelson Mandela, Mary Robinson and George H. W. Bush, whose son, George W. Bush, she had as a guest at Buckingham Palace, as he was the first American president in more than 80 years to stay at Buckingham Palace. On occasion such contacts have proved highly beneficial for Britain. For example, John Major as prime minister once had difficulty working with a particular Commonwealth leader. The Queen informed Major that he and the leader shared a mutual sporting interest. Major then used that information to establish a personal relationship, which ultimately benefited both countries. Similarly she took the initiative when Irish President Mary Robinson began visiting Britain, by suggesting that she invite Robinson to visit her at the Palace. The Irish Government enthusiastically supported the idea. The result was the first ever visit by an Irish President to meet the British monarch.
The Queen's reign has also seen a increase in a republican movement in Britain and Commonwealth realms. See British republicanism.
Parentele
La regina Elisabetta II discende dalla casa reale di Germania di Sassonia-Coburgo-Gotha, che ereditò il trono dalla regina Vittoria (di casato Hannover) alla sua morte, nel 1901 È inoltre discendente della casa reale d'Inghilterra di Wessex e di quella scozzese degli Stuart, le quali famiglie si imparentarono a partire dal VII e dal IX secolo. Attraverso la sua bisnonna, la regina Alessandra di Danimarca discende anche dalla casa reale danese Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, a una linea dell'antico e prestigioso casato nordeuropeo degli Oldenburg. Come pro-pro-nipote della regina Vittoria, Elisabetta II è imparentata con molti sovrani di case reali europee: è cugina di Alberto II del Belgio, di Harald V di Norvegia, di Juan Carlos I di Spagna e di Carlo XVI Gustavo di Svezia, così come re decaduti come Costantino II di Grecia e Michele di Romania; è imparentata anche con le case reali di Prussia (Hohenzollern) e Russia (Romanov).
Titoli
Nel Regno Unito, i suoi titoli uffiali sono Elisabetta II per Grazia di Dio regina del Regno Unito di Gran Bretagna e di Irlanda del Nord e di tutti i possedimenti inglesi, Capo del Commonwealth e Difensore della fede. Ma nella vita comune la regina viene comunemente chiamata "The Queen" o "Her Majesty".
At her succession, the title Elizabeth II caused some controversy in Scotland, where there has never been an Elizabeth I (although there had been no similar controversy during the times of William IV and Edward VII). In a rare act of sabotage in Scotland, new Royal Mail post boxes bearing the initials E.R.II were blown up. As a result, post boxes in Scotland now bear only a crown and no royal initials. A legal case, MacCormick v. Lord Advocate (1953 SC 396), was taken to contest the right of the Queen to style herself Elizabeth II within Scotland, arguing that to do so would be a breach of the Act of Union (1707). The case was lost on the grounds that the pursuers had no title to sue the Crown, and also that the numbering of monarchs was part of the royal prerogative and not governed by the Act of Union. There are also two other matters of controversy, which are much less publicised. Firstly, the argument that the monarch was addressed as Your Grace, rather than Majesty, in pre-Union Scotland and secondly, that the preferred title had been King/Queen of Scots rather than of Scotland (although this was by no means unknown).
Future British monarchs are now to be numbered according to either that of their English or Scottish predecessors, whichever number is higher. Applying this policy retroactively to monarchs since the Act of Union yields the same numbering.
Following a decision by Commonwealth Prime Ministers at the Commonwealth conference of 1953, Queen Elizabeth uses different styles and titles in each of her realms. In each state she acts as the monarch of that state regardless of her other roles.
Properly styled as "Her Majesty The Queen" (and when the distinction is necessary "Her Britannic Majesty" or "Her Canadian Majesty"), her previous styles were:
- Her Royal Highness Princess Elizabeth of York (1926–1936)
- Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth (1936–1947)
- Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh (1947–1952)
Personalità ed immagine
The Queen has never given press interviews, and her views on political issues are largely unknown except to those few heads of government who have private conversations with her. She is also regarded privately as an excellent mimic. Rather conservative in dress, the Queen is well-known for her solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, which allow her to be seen easily in a crowd. Although she attends many cultural events as part of her public role, in her private life the Queen is said to have little interest in culture or the arts. Her main leisure interests include horse racing, photography, and dogs, especially her Pembroke Welsh Corgis.
The Queen has given an annual Christmas Message to the Commonwealth every year apart from 1969 since she became Queen.
Negli avvenimenti diplomatici la regina è estremamente formale e il protocollo reale molto stretto. Though some of the traditional rules for dealing with the Monarch have been relaxed during her reign (bowing is no longer required, for example) other forms of close personal interaction, such as touching, are still discouraged. Several foreign leaders have been criticized in the British press for breaking this latter rule of touching.
Her former prime ministers speak highly of her. Since becoming Queen, she spends an average of three hours every day "doing the boxes" — reading state papers sent to her from her various departments, embassies, and government offices. Having done so since 1952, she has seen more of public affairs from the inside than any other person, and is thus able to offer advice to Tony Blair based on things said to her by Harold Wilson, Harold Macmillan, Edward Heath, Winston Churchill and many other senior leaders. She takes her responsibilities in this regard seriously, once mentioning an "interesting telegram" from the Foreign Office to then-Prime Minister Winston Churchill, only to find that her prime minister had not bothered to read it when it came in his box.
Stemma
UK_Royal_Coat_of_Arms.png
The Queen bears quarterly, I and IV England, II Scotland, III Ireland, which serves as the Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom. This coat of arms has been unchanged since Queen Victoria. The Queen's Royal Standard (her flag) is a banner of the arms. The Queen has separate flags for use in her other Commonwealth realms, such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Jamaica, each being a banner of the country's coat of arms.
Voci correlate
Collegamenti esterni
| Predecessore: Giorgio VI | Monarchi britannici | Successore: - |